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Many other Scientologist-run organizations and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or respected individuals. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has obtained some reliability as a religious beliefs in many nations, Scientology has actually also been explained as both a cult and an industrial enterprise.
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For instance, it has been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Video game people it views as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as figured out in an internet poll run by the governmental transition group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific elements of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its head office located at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on relabelled the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated among the largest penetration of United States federal companies ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity dedicated by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unprecedented. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No person or company was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive strategies in addressing those it views as attempting to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was Church of Scientology Perth targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.